"The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order". Elaborate.

Introduction

India has historically been viewed as a champion of the Global South, advocating for the rights of oppressed and marginalised nations, particularly during the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) era. However, its evolving foreign policy priorities and aspirations as a global power in the 21st century have led to a shift in this perception, raising questions about its traditional leadership role.

Value Addition Block — India's Leadership Evolution at a Glance

India's Traditional Role as a Leader of the Oppressed and Marginalised

• Non-Aligned Movement (NAM):

  • India co-founded NAM in 1961, advocating for sovereignty, non-interference, and anti-colonialism during the Cold War.
  • It became a voice for newly independent nations, opposing bloc politics and promoting South-South cooperation.

• Moral Leadership:

  • India supported anti-apartheid movements in South Africa and championed Palestinian rights.
  • It consistently opposed nuclear proliferation and advocated for disarmament.

• Development Assistance:

  • India extended technical and financial aid to African and Asian nations through initiatives like the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program.

• UN Advocacy:

  • India pushed for equitable global governance, calling for reforms in institutions like the UN Security Council to better represent developing nations.

Factors Contributing to the Shift in India's Global Role

1. Economic Liberalisation and Strategic Realignment

• Post-1991 reforms shifted India's focus towards economic growth and global integration.
• Strategic partnerships with developed nations like the USA, EU, and Japan have taken precedence over traditional South-South solidarity.

2. Geopolitical Aspirations

• India’s pursuit of a permanent seat in the UN Security Council and its growing role in multilateral forums like the G20 and BRICS reflect its aspirations as a global power.
• This has sometimes led to pragmatic compromises, such as abstentions on contentious issues like the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

3. Focus on Regional and Strategic Interests

• India’s Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific strategy prioritize countering China’s influence, often aligning with Western powers.
• This has occasionally alienated traditional allies in Africa and Latin America.

4. Perception of Selective Advocacy

• Critics argue that India’s neutral stance on issues like the Rohingya crisis and its limited engagement in African conflicts reflect a departure from its earlier moral leadership.
• Its economic and trade priorities are seen as overshadowing its commitment to marginalised nations.

Implications of the Shift

• Erosion of Moral Authority:

  • India’s non-alignment legacy is perceived as diluted, reducing its influence among developing nations.
  • Some nations view India as prioritising self-interest over collective solidarity.

• Strengthened Global Standing:

  • India’s economic rise and strategic partnerships have enhanced its global clout, enabling it to shape the emerging world order.
  • Its leadership in climate action (e.g., International Solar Alliance) and vaccine diplomacy during COVID-19 showcase its evolving role.

• Balancing Act Challenges:

  • India faces the challenge of balancing its global power aspirations with its traditional leadership of the Global South.
  • Divergences in priorities may lead to diplomatic friction with marginalised nations.

Way Forward

• Reaffirm Commitment to the Global South:

  • Strengthen initiatives like ITEC and Lines of Credit to developing nations.
  • Actively engage in forums like the Africa-India Forum Summit to rebuild trust.

• Equitable Global Governance:

  • Continue advocating for UNSC reforms and a rules-based international order that benefits all nations.

• Inclusive Development Diplomacy:

  • Promote sustainable development partnerships through platforms like the International Solar Alliance and Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure.

• Strategic Autonomy:

  • Maintain a balanced foreign policy that aligns with national interests while upholding the principles of non-alignment and solidarity.

Conclusion

India’s transition from a leader of the oppressed to an emerging global power reflects its evolving priorities in a dynamic world order. However, by balancing its strategic aspirations with its traditional moral leadership, India can continue to champion the cause of marginalised nations while asserting its rightful place on the global stage. This dual approach aligns with Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of trusteeship and the constitutional values of justice and equality.