Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing 'Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)'. How is this framework different from 'Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005'?

Introduction

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) has been a critical focus for India, given its vulnerability to natural and man-made disasters. The Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030), adopted at the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, marked a paradigm shift from disaster response to disaster risk management. India, as a signatory, has aligned its policies and actions with this framework. The Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015), which preceded Sendai, laid the foundation for global DRR efforts but had notable differences in approach and priorities.

Key Dimensions of DRR in India: Pre- and Post-Sendai Framework

Measures Taken in India for DRR

Before the Sendai Framework (Pre-2015)

1. Legislative Framework

   • Enactment of the Disaster Management Act, 2005, which institutionalized disaster management through the creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs).
   • Focused on a reactive approach with emphasis on response and relief.

2. National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM), 2009

   • Aimed at a proactive approach to disaster preparedness and mitigation.
   • Emphasized risk assessment, capacity building, and community participation.

3. Institutional Mechanisms

   • Establishment of NDMA, SDMAs, and District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) for coordinated disaster management.
   • Creation of specialized forces like the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).

4. Early Warning Systems

   • Development of Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) capabilities for cyclone and flood warnings.
   • Initiatives like the Indian Tsunami Early Warning System (ITEWS) post-2004 tsunami.

5. Capacity Building and Training

   • Training programs for disaster response under the aegis of NDMA and NDRF.
   • Collaboration with international agencies for knowledge sharing.

After the Sendai Framework (Post-2015)

1. Sendai-Aligned National DRR Plan, 2016

   • India became the first country to adopt a national DRR plan aligned with the Sendai Framework.
   • Focused on four priority areas: understanding risk, strengthening governance, investing in DRR, and enhancing preparedness.

2. Mainstreaming DRR in Development

   • Integration of DRR into flagship programs like Smart Cities Mission, AMRUT, and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).
   • Emphasis on resilient infrastructure through initiatives like the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI).

3. Technology Integration

   • Use of GIS, AI, and satellite-based systems for real-time disaster monitoring and risk mapping.
   • Development of mobile apps like 'Sachet' for early warnings.

4. Community-Based DRR

   • Promotion of community resilience through programs like Aapda Mitra, which trains volunteers for disaster response.
   • Focus on vulnerable groups, including women, children, and differently-abled individuals.

5. International Collaboration

   • Active participation in global initiatives like the Asian Ministerial Conference on DRR (AMCDRR).
   • Leadership in the CDRI, launched in 2019 to promote disaster-resilient infrastructure globally.

Differences Between Sendai Framework and Hyogo Framework

Way Forward

• Strengthening Local Capacities: Empowering local governments and communities to implement DRR measures effectively.
• Investing in Resilient Infrastructure: Expanding initiatives like CDRI to ensure disaster-resilient urban and rural infrastructure.
• Leveraging Technology: Enhancing the use of AI, IoT, and big data for predictive risk analysis and early warning systems.
• Global Leadership: India should continue to lead global DRR efforts, leveraging platforms like G20 and CDRI.

Conclusion

India's proactive measures for DRR, especially post-Sendai, reflect a shift towards risk-informed development and resilience building. By aligning with the Sendai Framework, India has not only strengthened its domestic disaster management systems but also emerged as a global leader in DRR. Achieving the framework's targets will require sustained efforts, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and innovative solutions, ensuring a safer and more resilient future.