Enumerate the National Water Policy of India. Taking river Ganges as an example, discuss the strategies which may be adopted for river water pollution control and management. What are the legal provisions for management and handling of hazardous wastes in India?

Introduction

Water is a critical resource for India's socio-economic development, yet its management faces challenges like pollution, over-extraction, and inequitable distribution. The National Water Policy (NWP), first introduced in 1987 and revised in 2002 and 2012, provides a framework for sustainable water management. The Ganga River, a lifeline for millions, exemplifies the urgent need for effective pollution control and management strategies.

Key Features of the National Water Policy (NWP)

• Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM): Advocates for a holistic approach to water management, considering surface and groundwater as a single resource.
• Water as a Public Resource: Recognizes water as a common pool resource and prioritizes its use for drinking, sanitation, and agriculture.
• Water Pricing: Emphasizes economic pricing to promote efficient use and discourage wastage.
• Pollution Control: Stresses the need for polluter-pays principles and stringent measures to prevent water contamination.
• Rainwater Harvesting: Promotes conservation techniques like rainwater harvesting and aquifer recharge.
• Climate Change Adaptation: Focuses on resilient water management to address climate variability.
• Participatory Approach: Encourages community involvement in water management through Water Users Associations (WUAs).

Value Addition Block — Key Dimensions of Ganga Pollution

Strategies for River Water Pollution Control and Management (Example: Ganga)

1. Pollution Abatement Measures

• Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs): Establishing and upgrading STPs to treat domestic and industrial wastewater before discharge.
  • Example: Under the Namami Gange Programme, 177 STPs have been sanctioned.
• Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD): Mandating industries to recycle and reuse wastewater.
  • Example: Tanneries in Kanpur are adopting ZLD technologies.

2. Community Participation

• Awareness Campaigns: Educating communities about the impact of pollution and promoting eco-friendly practices.
  • Example: Initiatives like Ganga Praharis involve local volunteers in river conservation.
• Incentives for Farmers: Promoting organic farming and reducing chemical runoff through subsidies and training.

3. Technological Interventions

• Real-Time Monitoring: Installing sensors to monitor water quality and pollution levels.
  • Example: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) monitors Ganga water quality at 36 locations.
• Bioremediation: Using microbial solutions to treat polluted water bodies.

4. Institutional and Policy Reforms

• Strengthening Regulatory Frameworks: Enforcing stricter penalties for non-compliance with pollution norms.
• River Basin Management Authorities: Establishing integrated authorities for holistic management of river basins.

Legal Provisions for Management and Handling of Hazardous Wastes in India

• Environment Protection Act, 1986: Provides the overarching framework for environmental protection, including hazardous waste management.
• Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016:
  • Defines hazardous waste and prescribes guidelines for its storage, treatment, and disposal.
  • Prohibits the import of hazardous waste for disposal.
• Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974:
  • Empowers the CPCB and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) to regulate water pollution.
• Factories Act, 1948: Mandates industries to ensure safe handling and disposal of hazardous substances.
• Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991: Ensures compensation for damages caused by hazardous waste accidents.
• National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act, 2010: Provides a specialized forum for the expeditious resolution of environmental disputes.

Conclusion

The National Water Policy and legal frameworks provide a robust foundation for sustainable water management. However, effective implementation, community participation, and technological innovation are essential to address challenges like river pollution and hazardous waste management. A multi-stakeholder approach, aligned with SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), can ensure the preservation of vital water resources like the Ganga for future generations.